1856–1857
Xhosa Cattle-Killing
Following Nongqawuse's prophecies, many Xhosa slaughtered cattle and destroyed crops; the failed prophecy contributed to famine, labour migration and expanded colonial control.
established
religious-movement
social-crisis
economic-crisis
Following Nongqawuse's prophecies, many Xhosa slaughtered cattle and destroyed crops; the failed prophecy contributed to famine, labour migration and expanded colonial control.
Disputed interpretations
The event is established, but historians debate its social dynamics, colonial context and the degree to which colonial officials exploited the crisis.